اسپرسو
اسپرسو یک روش دم آوری قهوه با منشا ایتالیایی است. در آن با استفاده از آب تقریبا در حال جوش(حدود ۹۰ درجه سانتی گراد) تحت فشار ۹_۱۰ بار از طریق دانه هایی با آسیاب ریز قهوه وارد می شود. طیف گسترده ایی از دانه های قهوه و درجه رست قهوه میتوان تهیه کرد.
اسپرسو نسبت به روش های دیگر دم آوری قهوه غلیظ تر است و گرانروی ( viscosity) آن شبیه به عسل گرم است.
به دلیل غلطت بالا مواد جامد معلق و محلول و کرم روی آن همچنین فرایند دمکردن تحت فشار ، طعم ها و مواد شیمیایی موجود در یک فنجان اسپرسو بسیار متمرکز می شود.
پارامترهای فنی که توسط مؤسسه ملی اسپرسو ایتالیا برای تهیه “اسپرسوی ایتالیایی تایید شده” مشخص شده است عبارتند از:
بخشی از قهوه آسیاب شده
7 +\_ 0.5g
دمای خروجی آب
88 +\_2 C
دما در فنجان
67 +\_ 3 C
فشار آب ورودی
9 +\_ 1 bar
زمان نفوذ
25 +\_ 5 seconds
حجم در فنجان
25 +\_ 2.5 ml
رست اسپرسو
از هر سطح برشته میتوان برای دم آوری اسپرسو استفاده کرد . به عنوان مثال در جنوب ایتالیا، معمولاً رست تیره تر ترجیح می دهند. دورتر از شمال، روند به سمت رست های سبک تر حرکت می کند، در حالی کهدر خارج از ایتالیا طیف گسترده ای محبوب است.
تاریخچه اسپرسو
اولین دستگاه اسپرسو توسط Louis Bernard Rabaut در فرانسه در سال ۱۸۲۲ تولید شد.
در سال ۱۹۰۱، لوئیجی بزرا، از میلان، چندین نسخه بهبود یافته از دستگاه قهوه را ابداع و ثبت اختراع کرد.
در سال 1903، پتنت توسط Desiderio Pavoni خریداری شد که شرکت La Pavoni را تأسیس کرد و شروع به تولید ماشین بهصورت صنعتی کرد. در سال 1906، دستگاه اسپرسوساز با نام Bezzera L. Caffè Espresso در نمایشگاه جهانی میلان بهنمایش گذاشته شد.
در ایتالیا با صنعتی شدن و شهر نشینی مصرف اسپرسو نیز افزایش یافت. در انگلیس به دلیل سنت نوشیدن قهوه با شیر و جذابیت فوم ، اسپرسو ، به ویژه به شکل کاپوچینو رایج شد.در ایالات متحده ، بیشتر به شکل لته محبوبیت داشت .
انواع دیگر
Ristretto
اسپرسو غلیظ شده تا حدود 20 میلی لیتر، در مدت زمان کوتاه تری نسبت به اسپرسو دم می کند.
Caffè Crema
اسپرسو طولانی تر دارای آب بیشتر و آسیاب درشت تر حدود ۱۲۰ _۱۸۰ میلی لیتر
Espresso con pana
اسپرسو به همراه کرما(“کرما” لایه ای از کف غلیظ است که در بالای نوشیدنی تشکیل می شود.)
Lungo
اسپرسو با آب داغ به نسبت۱/۱ اضافه می شود.
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